Tuesday, 30 December 2014

Santhal Clans & different surnames


SANTHAL CLANS
Based on Kherwal Vonsho Dhorom Puthi







The Santhals have 12 Clans. Each are further divided into number of subdivisions.
These clans are based on Santhal myth. According to which 7 sons & & daughters of Pilchu Haram and Pilchu Budi. They later married themselves forming 7 clans which later on became 12.

The 12 clans are Murmu, Hansda, Mardi, Soren, Hembram, Tudu, Kisku, Baskey, Besra, Chonde, Gondwar, Paanwariya.


1. Murmu : The one who restored all


1.       Jaat Murmu     
2.       Chopya Murmu
3.       Chhapra Murmu
4.       Chandna Murmu
5.       Champa Baha Murmu
6.       Gaad Murmu

7.       Tika Murmu
8.       Baasho baha Murmu
9.       Handi Murmu
10.   Ovor Murmu
11.   Adwa Murmu
12.   Orval Murmu
13.   Khedowar Murmu,
14.   Bital Murmu
15.   Sada Murmu
16.   Kedwal Murmu
17.   Samah Murmu
18.   Haat Murmu



2. Hansda 


1.       Jaat Hansda
2.       Sikli Hansda
3.       Koda Hansda
4.       Tati jhari Hansda
5.       Handi Hansda
6.       Kanda Hansda
7.       Bin Chatom Hansda
8.       Singar Hansda
9.       Sada Hansda
10.   Chil binda Hansda
11.   Sindur Hansda
12.   Sirom Hansda








3. Mardi : The one who ground the horn


1.       Jaat Mardi
2.       Sada Mardi
3.       Rut Mardi
4.       Rotha Mardi
5.       Goda Mardi
6.       Kisand Mardi
7.       Handi Mardi

8.       Hesel Mardi
9.       Sona Mardi
10.   Miru Mardi
11.   Kedwar Mardi
12.   Mare Mardi
13.   Tika Mardi
14.   Sadom Mardi

15.   Judi Mardi
16.   Khanda Jagaw Mardi
17.   Mera Chakha Mardi
18.   Badoliya Mardi
19.   Tarop Mardi
20.   Lunuh Mardi












4. Soren : The one who killed the sunbird


1.       Jaat Soren
2.       Suich Soren
3.       Sada Soren
4.       Jugi Soren
5.       Baarsi Soren
6.       Barchi Soren

7.       Kada Soren
8.       Maal Soren
9.       Maad Soren
10.   Sidup Soren
11.   Bital Soren
12.    Binda Soren

13.   Mundu Soren
14.   Meral Jo Soren
15.   Turku Soren
16.   Handi Soren
17.   Sipahi Soren



5. Tudu : The one who killed an owl


1.       Tu-Shankar Tudu
2.       Jaat tudu Sada
3.       Lugdi Tudu
4.       Sannge Tudu
5.        Laat Tudu
6.        Godga Tudu
7.       Rasca Tudu

8.       Singar Tudu
9.       Chigi Tudu
10.   Aaagariya Tudu
11.   Buru Tudu
12.   Jugi Tudu
13.   Sonari Tudu
14.   Ah Tudu

15.   Lukay Tudu
16.   Haandi Tudu
17.   Aandela Tudu
18.   Kaawtiya Tudu
19.   Barchi Tudu
20.   Besoyer Tudu



6. Hembram : The one who carries a deer


1.       Jaat Hembram
2.       Hotil Hembram
3.       Sada Hembram
4.       Guwa Hembram
5.        Baasiya Hembram
6.       Gidi Hembram

7.       Kada Hembram
8.       Hedem Hembram
9.       Hudu Hembram
10.   Laaher Hembram
11.   BaadeLiwit Hembram
12.   Jugi Hembram

13.   Tika Hembram
14.   Hari Hembram
15.   Handi Hembram
16.   Ova Hembram
17.   Sondor Hembram
18.   Sona Hembram



7. Kisku : The one who killed a kingfisher


1.       Kikir Kisku
2.       Sada Kisku
3.       Tudaku Kisku
4.       Jaat Kisku
5.       Samanom Kisku
6.       Sona Kisku

7.       Bin Chatom Kisku
8.       Hurud Kisku
9.       Kada Kisku
10.   Kisand Kisku
11.   Bonga Chatom Kisku

12.   Bital Kisku
13.   Kiya Kisku
14.   Handi Kisku
15.   Sadom Kisku
16.   Rapaj Kisku



8. Baskey : The one who made a bundle of stale rice


1.       Jaat Baskey
2.       Laaher Baskey
3.        Barchi Baskey
4.       Sada Baskey
5.       Maare Baskey
6.        Sona Baskey
7.       Majhi Sili
8.       Baskey Jugi Baskey

9.       Tudku Baskey
10.   Setah Baske
11.   Tikin Baskey
12.   Gidi Baskey
13.   Naike khili Baskey
14.    Singar Baskey
15.   Goda Baskey

16.   Aayup Baskey
17.   Hola Baskey
18.   Kada Baskey
19.   Manjan Baskey
20.    Oda Baskey
21.   Tika Baskey
22.   Bindhad Baskey



9. Besra : The who carries a Umbrella


1.       Jaat Besra
2.       Tika Besra
3.       Tanda Besra
4.       Sada Besra
5.        Bayar Besra
6.       Bindad Besra
7.       Chaatom Besra

8.       Kada Besra
9.       Kahu Besra
10.   Sona Besra
11.   Saange Besra
12.   Gidi Besra
13.   Bonga Besra

14.    Goda Besra
15.   Jugi Besra
16.   Handi Besra
17.   Singar Besra
18.   Bonga Chatom Besra
19.   Chaare Besra



10. Chonde : The one who killed a lguana


1.       Sada Chonde
2.       Handi Chonde
3.       Tudku Chonde
4.       Majhi Khili Chonde

5.       Tika Chonde
6.       Bital Chonde
7.       Nai khili Chonde
8.        Haante Chonde

9.       Chandna Chonde
10.   Kada Chonde
11.   Gidi Chonde
12.    Sona Chonde



11. Gondwar


1.       Sada Gondwar
2.       Chandna Gondwar
3.       Gidi Gondwar
4.       Majhi Khili Gondwar

5.       Tudku Gondwar
6.       Tika Gondwar
7.       Nayke khili Gondwar
8.       Kada Gondwar

9.       Jaat Godwar
10.   Sindup Gondwar
11.   Sona Gondwar
12.    Roh lutur Gondwar



12. Paanwariya : The one who killed a dove


1.       Jaat Panwariya
2.       Judi Panwariya
3.       Bital Panwariya
4.       Majhi Khili Panwariya

5.       Tudku Panwariya
6.       Chandna Panwariya
7.       Nayke Khili Panwariya
8.       Kedwar Panwariya

9.       Ro Lutur Panwariya
10.   Sada Panwariya
11.   Handi Panwariya
12.   Obor Panwariya




Later , Gondwar merged with Hansda, Chonde with Soren

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Saturday, 27 December 2014

Religious Conviction of Santhals


The Santhals have their own philosophy of religion. They believe in worshiping the mother nature. The nature provides them with food, forest, wood, shelter, water and resources for their livelihood.
They dont believe in idol , statue or temple for god and rather worship , folksings and dance to the nature.
Their religious placer 'jaher' is a Sal tree or group of Sal trees to which they their worships in a community.


"Bonga"

Santhal Gods are referred to as the "bonga" which is reverenced as the supernatural spirit/force/power which itself is a form of the nature.
Santhals are the nature worshiper,
assuming the nature as the form of their own life. In a way they worship and believe in all the natural resources around them which influence their livelihood they
respect it, worship it, sing folk songs for it and dance for it.


"Marangburu"

Marang buru is the most important spirit of Santhals.
The literal meaning of Marangburu is the Great Mountains. Marang means "the great" and buru means the "mountains".
The whole nature is Marangburu and it does'nt possess any fave, idol or statue. 

Da, hoy, dharti, sengel, dhiri ( the water, air, land, fire, rock) are the elements of the nature which belongs to the Marangburu.
Marangburu is worshiped in the
shape of nature. It is totally wrong to consider
him as ‘God’. In actual, this nature is
believed to be ‘Marangburu’ who gives them everything
rain, water, air, land, forest everything that is present in this nature  they use in their life and this is what where they show their gratitude, respect towards nature by worshiping, dancing and singing.
They worship ‘SUN’ who gives the light and energy and thus santhals call it ‘Sin Bonga’ . Sin means ‘Day’ or ‘Light’ and Bonga means
God in Santali .
The worshiping of the santhals is more Practical than a hokum or just a belief. Nature is the greatest strength of the earth as it created the human, creatures, and everything that is on earth. The nature and thus marang buru controls everything in on the earth . It can be considered as a supernatural power/spirit, thus the Sathals believe marangburu as a power or spirit which helps them and blesses their hardwork. It helps them through hard and though times like droughts or heavy rains and also blessess them with pleasant harvest and water.  It causes the disaster outrages, diseases, epidemics but on other hand blesses them with mercy and cure.


"Folksongs and Dances"

The folksong and dance of the Santals is not just a fanciful song sung
in rejoice, togetherness, and festive mood.
It is also an Elaboration and Explanation of natural phenomena and  its inexplicable
events, but a method of expressing inexplicable events
certain ways of thinking and
Feeling about the facts of life and how they are
interlinked with the almighty ‘Nature’.
In a gist nature is found everywhere in Santhal culture , let it be the rituals, dance, songs, worship, nature is involved and it deeply influence and expounds the convition of the Santhal community.

Sidhu Murmu and Kanhu Murmu the leader of the Santhal rebellion (1855–1856)

Sidhu Murmu and Kanhu Murmu
(statue)
Sidhu Murmu and Kanhu Murmu were the leader of
the Santhal rebellion (1855–1856), the native
rebellion in present-day Jharkhand.
Hailing from the village
Bhognadih in Sahibganj district , in eastern India
against both the British colonial and the
corrupt upper caste zamindars.








Before the British advent in India, Santals
resided in the districts of Cuttack , Dhalbhum ,
Manbhum , Barabhum, Chhotanagpur , Palamau,
Midnapur , Bankura and Birbhum . 
They were engaged in
their way of life by clearing the wild forest and hunting for subsistence and livelihood. 
But as the agents of
the new colonial rule claimed their rights on the lands
of the Santals, felt cheated and disgraced.




On 30 June 1855, two Santal rebel leaders, SidhuMurmu 
and Kanhu Murmu, mobilized about 50,000
Santals and declared a rebellion against British Raj.
The Santhal rebellion (sometimes referred to as the
Sonthal hool), commonly known as Santal Hool
was a native rebellion in present day.

Soon after the declaration the Santals took to arms.
In many villages the Zamindars, money lenders and
their operatives were put to death. The open rebellion
caught the British Government in surprise. Initially a
small contingent was sent to suppress the rebels but
it could not succeed and this further fueled the spirit
of the revolt. When the law and order situation was
getting out of hand the British Government finally
took a major step and sent in large number of troops
assisted by the local Zamindars and the Nawab of
Murshidabad to quell the Rebellion. British
Government had announced an award of Rs. 10,000
to arrest Sidhu and his brother Kanhu Murmu.
A number of skirmishes occurred after this which
resulted in large number of casualties for the Santals.
The primitive weapons of the Santals, weren't a
match against the musket and cannon firepower of
the British. Troop detachments from the 7th Native
Infantry Regiment, 40th Native Infantry and others
were called into action. Major skirmishes occurred
from July 1855 to January 1856, in places like
Kahalgaon, Suri, Raghunathpur, and Munkatora.

The revolt was brutally crushed, the two celebrated
leaders Seedo and Kanhu were killed. Elephants
supplied by the Nawab of Murshidabad were used to
demolish Santal huts and likewise profound atrocities
were committed by the British army in quenching the
Rebellion.



Of the 60,000-odd tribesmen who had been
mobilised in the rebellion, over 15,000 were killed, and
tens of villages were destroyed. They did not get
support of Gwalas (milkmen) and Lohars
(blacksmiths).
Although the Rebellion was crushed with a heavy
hand, some British army officers like Major Jervis
who observed-
"It was not war; they did not understand yielding. As
long as their national drum beat, the whole party
would stand, and allow themselves to be shot down.
Their arrows often killed our men, and so we had to
fire on them as long as they stood. When their drum
ceased, they would move off a quarter of a mile; then
their drums beat again, and they calmly stood till we
came up and poured a few volleys into them. There
was not a sepoy in the war who did not feel ashamed
of himself.

Charles Dickens in Household Words wrote-

"There seems also to be a sentiment of honour
among them (Santals); for it is said that they use
poisoned arrows in hunting, but never against their
foes. If this be the case- and we hear nothing of the
poisoned arrows in the recent conflicts,-they are
infinitely more respectable than our civilised enemy
the Russians, who would most likely consider such
forbearance as foolish, and declare that is not
war."


Although its impact was largely shadowed by that of
the other rebellion, the Indian Rebellion of 1857 , the
legend of the Santal Rebellion lives on as a turning
point in Santal pride and identity. This was
reaffirmed, over a century and a half later with the
creation of the first tribal province in independent
India, Jharkhand .

Sidhu Kanhu Murmu University is named upon them.
Indian post also issued a ₹ 4 stamp in 2002
honouring them.

Sources:

Know the "Days and Months" in Santhali



Name of Days in Santhali






















Name of Months in Santhali





Download 'Ol Chiki fonts" to your Computer

OL CHIKI FONTS
PACKAGE
[V-1.02]
Developed By -
N. C. Murmu &
R. C. Hansda



pic source: ncmurmu.tripod.com

you can download these fonts for free, from this
website.

Or





For using these fonts :

1. Unzip the downloaded zip file & extract it to your desired location. Now;

2. Go to your LOCAL DISK( C:)
where Operating system is installed, then click to WINDOWS folder and
next scroll down to the FONTS folder, in this folder copy & paste
the fonts.( i.e the fonts that you have downloaded.)

Source links:

Santhali Script ( Ol Chiki/ Ol cemet' )

Untill 20th century Santhali did not have a written language and just a dialect.
Santhali was either not written at all, or was just written in Bengali, Oriya, Devanagari or Roman script. The Christians missionaries prefer to write Santhali with Latin Alphabet.


Pandit Raghunath Murmu
Born on 5th May,1905 and expired on 1st February, 1982
The Ol Chiki script (also called Ol cemet or santali) was created by Pandit Raghunath  Murmu in 1920's which is spoken by about 5.8 million people in india, Bangladesh, Nepal and Bhutan.
The alphabet was designed for southern dialect of Santhali spoken in the Mayurbhanj district of the Indian state of Orissa.















The script is an alphabet, i.e, consonants and vowels are each written with independent letters. It is written from left to right.

Ol Chiki is written in 30 letters; 6 vowels; 24 consonants.


Ol Chiki Vowels
   




Ol Chiki Consonants




































Ol Chiki Diacritic













Ol Chiki Digits